As summer approaches, many employers prepare for an influx of young workers eager to gain experience and earn income. Hiring minors can support workforce needs while helping students build valuable skills. However, employers must navigate specific rules under both federal and Pennsylvania law when employing individuals under age 18.
The Pennsylvania Child Labor Act outlines requirements for minimum age, work permits, hours of work and prohibited occupations. While this overview highlights key provisions, employers should ensure they fully understand their obligations before hiring minors.
MINIMUM AGE AND WORK PERMITS
With limited exceptions, minors under age 14 may not be employed. All minors must obtain a valid employment or age certificate (work permit) before beginning work.
HOURS OF WORK RESTRICTIONS
Pennsylvania law places strict limits on when and how long minors may work:
All minors under 18:
- No more than six consecutive days in a workweek
- Must receive a 30-minute uninterrupted meal period on or before five consecutive hours of work
Ages 14–15:
- 7 a.m. to 7 p.m. (extended to 9 p.m. from June 1 through Labor Day)
- Up to 3 hours on a school day; 18 hours in a school week
- Up to 8 hours on a non-school day; 40 hours in a non-school week
Ages 16–17:
- 6 a.m. to midnight (1 a.m. on Fridays, Saturdays and nights preceding a school vacation)
- Up to 28 hours in a regular school week (with limited exceptions for approved programs)
- During school breaks: up to 10 hours per day and 48 hours per week
PROHIBITED OCCUPATIONS AND SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS
Both state and federal law restrict minors from performing certain hazardous duties. Employers should carefully review job responsibilities, particularly in industries such as manufacturing, construction and food service, to ensure compliance.
WHAT’S NEW?
While the underlying rules remain largely unchanged, enforcement activity has increased in recent years. Employers should expect closer review of scheduling practices, documentation and job duties. As a result, proactive training and consistent compliance practices are more important than ever.
Alyssa Finegan, SPHR, is a business partner at The MBA. Contact her at 814/833-3200, 800/815-2660 or afinegan@mbausa.org.
